The shock brought by DeepSeek earlier this year—and the responses from OpenAI and other leading AI players —have raised fundamental questions about the very nature of AI development ecosystems and the broader pathways of scientific and technological innovation. How has China, once criticized for its closed ecosystem, managed to catch up to the United States, which has long championed an open innovation system? Has the U.S. strategy of export controls toward China ultimately failed? Was the Chinese government’s aggressive, top-down support more effective, and does this signal a global return to an era of industrial policy? This session will examine such questions, drawing on diverse perspectives from industry and academia on the era of frontier AI models, to explore how national innovation systems might be envisioned and constructed for the future. #ai #deepseek #openai Copyright ⓒ Maeil Business Newspaper. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction, redistribution, and use (including for AI learning) are prohibited.